{"id":128,"date":"2019-03-04T18:30:44","date_gmt":"2019-03-04T17:30:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/adric-interculturel.com\/discriminations\/?p=128"},"modified":"2019-06-10T10:26:57","modified_gmt":"2019-06-10T08:26:57","slug":"sur-les-femmes-le-sexisme-les-discriminations-et-les-violences-liees-au-sexe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/adric-interculturel.com\/discriminations\/sur-les-femmes-le-sexisme-les-discriminations-et-les-violences-liees-au-sexe\/","title":{"rendered":"Sur les femmes, le sexisme, les discriminations et les violences li\u00e9es au sexe"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sexe, rapports sociaux de sexe<\/h3>\n
\n\t

Le sexe<\/strong> renvoie au biologique.<\/p>\n

Les rapports sociaux de sexe<\/strong> d\u00e9signent les rapports sociaux et politiques qui forment les relations femmes-hommes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>

Patriarcat<\/h3>\n
\n\t

Il s\u2019agit d\u2019\u00ab une forme d\u2019organisation sociale et juridique fond\u00e9e sur la d\u00e9tention de l\u2019autorit\u00e9 par les hommes \u00bb (P. Bonte, M. Izard, Dictionnaire de l\u2019ethnologie et de l\u2019anthropologie<\/em><\/a>, PUF, 1991, p. 455). Dans sa version contemporaine (fin des ann\u00e9es 1960), le concept de \u00ab patriarcat \u00bb entend mettre en exergue la sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 de l\u2019oppression des femmes. Il propose un outil d\u2019analyse des rapports sociaux de sexe.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

Genre<\/h3>\n
\n\t

Apparu dans les ann\u00e9es 1970, au sein des sciences sociales, le \u00ab genre \u00bb d\u00e9signe les r\u00f4les, les comportements, les activit\u00e9s et les attributions qu\u2019une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 donn\u00e9e consid\u00e8re comme appropri\u00e9s pour les femmes et pour les hommes (Convention d\u2019Istanbul<\/a>). En r\u00e9sum\u00e9, le genre renvoie \u00e0 l\u2019organisation sociale et politique du sexe. Les st\u00e9r\u00e9otypes de genre renvoient, quant \u00e0 eux, aux pr\u00e9jug\u00e9s qui fixent des r\u00f4les sexu\u00e9s et l\u00e9gitiment les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s de sexe, le sexisme et l\u2019homophobie. Le genre se veut un outil d\u2019analyse des rapports sociaux de sexe.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Sexisme<\/h3>\n
\n\t

Le sexisme est une id\u00e9ologie qui argumente et justifie la domination masculine. En s\u2019appuyant sur les diff\u00e9rences de sexe, il \u00e9tablit des cat\u00e9gorisations inf\u00e9riorisant les femmes et l\u00e9gitime la supr\u00e9matie des hommes. Le sexisme agit par pr\u00e9jug\u00e9s et st\u00e9r\u00e9otypes de genre qui influencent, \u00e0 leur tour, les comportements et attitudes individuelles et collectives, ainsi que les positions des institutions sociales et politiques. Le sexisme justifie l\u2019in\u00e9galit\u00e9 de sexe au nom des lois naturelles, des traditions patriarcales mill\u00e9naires et des lois religieuses. Il soutient ainsi les discriminations envers les femmes dans divers domaines de la vie, depuis l\u2019espace priv\u00e9 et les relations familiales jusqu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019espace public, le champ du travail et de la cr\u00e9ation. Par ailleurs, les id\u00e9aux sexistes favorisent les violences \u00e0 l\u2019encontre des femmes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

Violences sexistes et sexuelles<\/h3>\n
\n\t

Les violences sexistes renvoient aux violences faites aux femmes. Ces violences \u00ab peuvent \u00eatre exerc\u00e9es dans tous les domaines de la vie : travail, couple, famille, \u00e9cole, rue, milieu hospitalier, transports. Elles prennent la forme de violences physiques, psychologiques, \u00e9conomiques, administratives, verbales, et peuvent \u00eatre exerc\u00e9es ponctuellement ou sur des p\u00e9riodes tr\u00e8s longues \u00bb.<\/p>\n

Les violences sexuelles d\u00e9signent toute forme de \u00ab violence \u00e0 l\u2019encontre des femmes qui a pour cible leur sexualit\u00e9. Le viol est d\u00e9fini par le Code p\u00e9nal (article 222-23<\/a>) comme tout acte de p\u00e9n\u00e9tration sexuelle, de quelque nature qu\u2019il soit, commis sur la personne d\u2019autrui par violence, contrainte, menace ou surprise. Il s\u2019agit du fait de p\u00e9n\u00e9trer, avec une partie du corps ou un objet, un orifice (bouche, vagin, anus) du corps d\u2019une autre personne par violence, contrainte, menace ou surprise (si la femme est endormie, drogu\u00e9e, alcoolis\u00e9e, faible \u00e0 cause d\u2019un handicap, terroris\u00e9e par la contrainte ou les menaces, paralys\u00e9e par l\u2019aspect incontr\u00f4lable et incompr\u00e9hensible de l\u2019agression). Le viol est dit conjugal lorsqu\u2019il est commis par un petit ami, conjoint, ex-conjoint, ex-petit ami, et incestueux quand il est commis par un membre de la famille. \u00bb<\/p>\n

\u00ab Les autres violences sexuelles sont toutes les autres formes d\u2019agressions sexuelles sans p\u00e9n\u00e9tration, commises sur mineur\u00b7e ou majeur\u00b7e, avec ou sans attouchement : \u00ab agression sexuelle \u00bb, \u00ab atteinte sexuelle \u00bb, \u00ab exhibition sexuelle \u00bb. Toutes sont punies s\u00e9v\u00e8rement par la loi, quel que soit le lien existant entre agresseur et victime. \u00bb<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le sexe renvoie au biologique. Les rapports sociaux de sexe d\u00e9signent les rapports sociaux et politiques qui forment les relations femmes-hommes. Il s\u2019agit d\u2019\u00ab une forme d\u2019organisation sociale et juridique fond\u00e9e sur la d\u00e9tention de l\u2019autorit\u00e9 par les hommes \u00bb (P. Bonte, M. Izard, Dictionnaire de l\u2019ethnologie et de l\u2019anthropologie, PUF, 1991, p. 455). Dans 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